theme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya

ANTIGONE KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING This tragedy is set against the background of the Oedipus legend. It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of Athens. Although the play itself was written in 441 B.C., the legend goes back to the foundations of Hellenic culture, many centuries before Sophocles’ time. All the scenes take place in front of the royal palace at Thebes. Thus Sophocles†¦show more content†¦The leader of the Chorus Occasionally speaks a few lines addressed mainly to the audience. He is given the final lines of the play, in which he draws a moral from the sequence of tragic events the audience has just witnessed. CONFLICT Protagonist Antigone is the resolute and strong-willed daughter of King Oedipus. She is determined to give her brother, Polynices, a decent burial. She consciously risks her life with this action, which violates both Creon’s unjust decree, as well as the ancient custom of denying burial to enemies of the state. She obeys only the laws of the gods and the dictates of familial loyalty and social decency. Antagonist King Creon regards only the requirement of political expediency. Soon after the civil strife between Eteocles and Polynices ends in their deaths, he announces a decree denying Polynices’ burial. He is unrelenting in his stance, as he wants Thebans to know that he is a firm ruler. Thus he sentences his own niece, Antigone, to death for defying his law. Climax The climax of the play occurs during the encounter between Creon and Antigone. It is a scene marked by dramatic contrast. Here one can see the incompatibility between Creon’s world of physical power (which he takes to be absolute) and the world of spiritual, idealistic strength which Antigone represents. Creon’s vanity is hurt and his anger aroused by the stubborn disobedience of one whom he considers to be merely a mad woman.

The Differences Between Beowulf And Faustus - 1757 Words

There are two stories which one can analyze and put into comparison, that being the stories of the mighty Beowulf and that of the arrogant Doctor Faustus. In Beowulf a story is told from the view of a warrior becoming a hero and displaying amazing feats. While in Christopher Marlowe â€Å"Doctor Faustus†, he is recognized as an ambitious self- centered individual with an eager sensation to learn more knowledge of the Arts. He decided to takes his learning a step further and ultimately becomes his main wrongdoing for his entire life. By reviewing the text of both tales, there are a set of both similarities and differences able to be made between Beowulf and Faustus. In the story, â€Å"Beowulf†, he is faced with multiple monsters that have endangered the lives of nearby villages. Beowulf being the vigilant strong warrior is brave enough to face these monstrosities in combat. His extraordinary strength allows him to take on such feats and come out victorious as a champion . Beowulf is presented with a warrior like virtues that make him a preeminent figure in the perspective of the people of Hrothgar, because of his actions he’s seen with the traits of a noble warrior, which consist of bravery, generosity, and heroism. These trait are very popular and have shown to be unique when it comes to being a great leader. While in, Christopher Marlowe, â€Å"Doctor Faustus†, a significant difference that is shown between the two is that Doctor Faustus is not perceived as a warrior or a nefarious

Bilingual Education Essay Research Paper Bilingual EducationStructurally free essay sample

Bilingual Education Essay, Research Paper Bilingual Education Structurally Ineffective Bilingual instruction for linguistic communication minority pupils is a controversial construct that invokes heated statements among those people in and associated with many of the state # 8217 ; s educational systems. Bilingual instruction, in most instances, is the direction of a pupil # 8217 ; s nucleus categories, such as history, math, and scientific discipline, in his or her native linguistic communication and the direction of auxiliary English as a Second Language class. For decennaries, much of the argument environing this type of bilingual direction in schoolrooms with linguistic communication minority pupils has focused on whether or non the pupils will larn English better by being wholly immersed in English or by being ab initio instructed in their native linguistic communication. Many English-only advocators and other oppositions of bilingual instruction have passionately discredited its effectivity and tend to reason that submergence quickens 2 nd linguistic communication acquisition by emphasizing merely the new targeted linguistic communication. On the other manus, advocates of bilingual instruction claim that a gradual passage to English via native linguistic communication direction assures pupil success because the pupils will be able to utilize their antecedently acquired cognition to assist them larn the English linguistic communication. However, despite the well-intended concerns of the populace and academic community, the contention that swirls around 2nd linguistic communication acquisition does non concentrate on some of the facets of bilingual instruction that should be improved in order to do the plans more effectual. Although ample grounds favours bilingual instruction as a agency to assist pupils turn academically, structural defects such as bilingual instruction plans that allow kids to pine away excessively long in uneffective or unsuitable plans and a deficiency of qualified instructors prevent many plans from carry throughing the most that they can carry through. In order to turn to these issues, pedagogues should prosecute a focussed argument that concentrates on how the English pupils will outdo get the accomplishments and literacy that will profit them in school and out of school alternatively of reasoning whether bilingual instruction is damaging or good to linguistic communication minority pupils. Bi lingual instruction plans are most effectual when the decently trained bilingual instructors are available to teach the linguistic communication minority pupils. In order to supply pupils with the most effectual and most comprehendible methods of direction, instructors need to be trained in such countries as uniting English as a 2nd linguistic communication direction with content country direction. They need to be able to transform modern-day research on literacy and linguistic communication acquisition into realistic instructional schemes. Finally, they need to be able to promote pupils to believe and ground and to utilize English to show their thoughts. A combination of such abilities would do bilingual instruction teachers more productive in the schoolroom. Unfortunately, some of the bilingual teachers are non sufficiently qualified for the occupation. The job is particularly acute in non-Spanish linguistic communications. Since the major minority population in the United States speaks Spanish, talkers of others linguistic communications are in smaller per centum in some schools. This state of affairs poses the job of happening bilingual instructors in other linguistic communications such as Vietnamese or Russian. The first battle that school decision makers must get the better of is happening instructors that speak the minority linguistic communication of a group of pupils in a peculiar school. Then once instructors are found they have to be evaluated as to whether they have the proper certificates and equal preparation in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition for the occupation. In add-on to the deficiency of extremely qualified bilingual instructors in linguistic communications other than Spanish, the heavy demand for Spanish-lang uage teachers creates many new jobs as good. For illustration, one of the grounds that quality bilingual instruction instructors are so rare is that many school territories must pay a premium to pull bilingual instructors and some even have to travel to foreign states to seek and enroll them ( Chavez and Amselle 102 ) . However, this state of affairs can finally take to other complications and jobs because some instructors are dishonest and have fraudulent certificates in order to acquire the paid premium and the occupation. For case, the Houston Independent School District one time unwittingly recruited instructors that had falsified college grades and learning certifications, cheated on competence trials, violated their visas and continued to work in the United States, and spoke no English ( Chavez and Amselle 102 ) . Such jobs like those that Houston # 8217 ; s school territory face, make happening qualified bilingual instruction instructors harder than it already is because pedagogues have to work beyond happening bilingual teachers and genuinely prove the certificates of the teachers. Having qualified bilingual instructors is highly of import in the direction of linguistic communication minority pupils and is apparent in the undermentioned survey done by Tesol Quarterly. The survey was done ov er a five-day experimental period and was used to prove the effectivity of bilingual instruction plans. The school Tosol # 8217 ; s research squad visited, whose name was kept confidential, was located in a Latino subdivision of a town ( Lucas and Katz n.pag. ) . In that peculiar school, 70 % of the pupils were Hispanic, 10 % were Asiatic, 10 % African American, and 10 % were Anglo ( Lucas and Katz n. pag. ) . Therefore, the mainstream was Hispanic. In the school, three Spanish-English bilingual instructors and two Spanish-English bilingual AIDSs staffed the plan ( Lucas and Katz n. pag. ) . Because of their eloquence, these instructors and AIDSs could look into comprehension or explicate an activity to Spanish talkers with beginning-level proficiency in English. The instructors at this peculiar school helped to do the plan successful because without the proper direction available to the big minority population, the pupils may hold to settle for transcribers that merely convert Eng lish direction over to the pupil # 8217 ; s native linguistic communication. This does non give pupils the chance to actively take portion in practising English. In add-on to being a extremely qualified bilingual instruction instructor, a 2nd thing that must be acquired is the consciousness of the theories underlying many of the techniques they are encouraged to utilize with their pupils ( Medina 640 ) . However, many of the current bilingual instruction plans employ instructors that do non run into those makings. In other words, they are non knowing of patterns and theological bases that are effectual in teaching their pupils ( Medina 640 ) . The solution to such jobs can lie in the thought that instructors should be provided with greater certification of the effectivity of theoretically sound techniques ( Medina 640 ) . If these instructors empowered themselves with the ability to carry on their ain research in order to happen out what instructional techniques would be the most good for their pupils so they would most likely be of a better service to their pupils. The Spanish Dual Literacy Program or # 8220 ; Mini School # 8221 ; at Liberty High School in New York is a premier illustration of how proper and equal methods of direction and qualified instructors to implement the plans can enormously profit pupils larning a 2nd linguistic communication ( Marsh 409 ) . In the bilingual instruction schoolroom, pupils work with bilingual instructors from Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and the United States who are truly interested in the plan and the learning pupils ( Marsh 412 ) . These dedicated instructors can construct on their ain bilingual experiences, develop relevant lesson programs, and usage suited and practical category activities and prep assignments ( Marsh 412 ) . Even though the success of this plan is non entirely due to the attempts of the staff, the advancement made in the plan is partially a consequence of the extremely qualified instructors and their cognition about what is effectual and what is non effectual in 2nd linguistic communic ation direction. Unfortunately though, such model plans like those of the trial site for Tesol Quarterly and Liberty High School are non the norm for most bilingual instruction schoolrooms. Many plans lack qualified bilingual instruction instructors and the plans to do the direction truly work. As the bilingual instruction argument continues, one must non merely measure the quality of instructors implementing the plans but besides take into consideration the sum of clip a pupils spends in the plan. Harmonizing to Rosalie Pedalino Porter, board president of the Research in E nglish Acquisition and Development ( READ ) in Washington D.C, â€Å"the longer the acquisition of a 2nd linguistic communication is delayed, the more hard it becomes† ( qtd. in Smith, â€Å"The Battle† 32 ) . In add-on to her remark in Electronic Learning, Porter told Insight her beliefs about bilingual instruction: Bilingual instruction plans which teach pupils wholly in their native linguistic communication from five to seven old ages to supply passage to English make non work. They do non ensue, as promised to make, in better acquisition of English or other topics. ( Goode 17 ) Although Porter does non reason that a pupil can non larn a 2nd linguistic communication early and still go on native linguistic communication development, her statement demonstrates the importance of exchanging pupils out of bilingual instruction every bit shortly as they are capable of managing the work. First of wholly, the bilingual instruction plans in the United States are designed to l ast about five to seven old ages ( Amselle 53 ) . However, research shows that it can take an estimated two to three old ages to achieve the basic communicating accomplishments in English that are necessary to provide the content country cognition and academic accomplishments used in a schoolroom scene ( Lucas and Katz 537 ) . Because there is a mensurable difference between the three and seven old ages of direction, some pupils who learn faster than others could be kept in the plan longer than they should be. A apparently simple solution to this job could be to go out the plan when equal English eloquence is attained, but surveies have shown that doing such passages are non every bit easy as they seem. For illustration, an adjunct rule in New York admitted to leting pupils to graduate without accomplishing literacy in either Spanish or English ( Chavez and Amselle 105 ) . In fact, he admitted that the pupils in the plans are non allowed to go forth the plans when they are ready even if they request it themselves ( Chavez and Amsell e ) . Another premier illustration of pupils being kept in bilingual instruction plans excessively long is demonstrated in the instance against the New York State Commissioner of Education ( Goode 17 ) . The Bushwick Parents Association, which represents 150 households in Brooklyn, claims that # 8220 ; 10s of 1000s of immigrant kids in New York City have been permitted to pine away for six old ages in bilingual categories, larning neither English nor other topics really good # 8221 ; ( Goode 17 ) . As the old illustrations suggest, in many plans, non merely are some pupils kept in plans longer than they need to be, they are besides non allowed to go out the plan when equal English literacy accomplishments are acquired. Most significantly, if direction in one # 8217 ; s native linguistic communication stopping points excessively long, so a pupil who is ready for submergence into the English-only categories will be held back from possible advancement. Alternatively of stand outing in English like they would be capable of making, these pupils would stay undisputed in the bilingual instruction categories. The stuff would merely be excessively easy for them. Addressing this issue is Linda Chavez, president of the Center for Equal Opportunity ( # 8221 ; Learn English # 8221 ; 6 ) . First she notes that outstanding bilingual instruction advocators claim that larning to read foremost in one # 8217 ; s native linguistic communication is necessary in larning to read in a 2nd linguist ic communication ( # 8221 ; Learn English # 8221 ; 6 ) . Then, clear uping her position on the topic, Chavez provinces, # 8220 ; in pattern this frequently means that limited-English adept kids will be kept in bilingual plans for old ages # 8221 ; ( qtd. in # 8220 ; Learn English # 8221 ; 6 ) . In Chavez # 8217 ; s statement, she directs attending to the jobs that arise excessively many times in bilingual instruction: pupils are kept in the system excessively long. For illustration, in Hal Netkin # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; English Not Taught here # 8221 ; printed in the Wall Street Journal, he tells how he kept a immature male child named Ulises from being held back in a bilingual instruction plan when he was capable of progressing to the English-only categories ( Netkin 18 ) . He states that he received a call from the school # 8217 ; s bilingual coordinator who told him that Ulises was non ready for the English lone categories and should go on to take the bilingual classs ( Netkin18 ) . However, Netkin notes that Ulises spoke English better than he spoke his native lingua ( 18 ) . In order to detect the benefits of bilingual instruction plans, he was invited to the 2nd class schoolroom ( Netkin 18 ) . Upon detecting how the category worked, he was outraged by the instruction methods used ( Netkin 18 ) . He noted that the native talkers were taught in one half of the room as a transcriber translates the lessons into Spanish for the staying half o f the category ( Netkin 18 ) . He so refused to allow Ulises go on to take these categories because he was absolutely capable of come ining the English course of study, and this type of direction would non profit him at all ( Netkin 18 ) . Therefore, harmonizing to Netkin, because Ulises # 8217 ; bilingual instruction was ceased every bit shortly as he was ready for the passage, he went on to go a pupil proficient in English. Without the timely issue from the plan, Ulises may hold had to pine away in a plan that no longer served his demands. This illustration to the full demonstrates how easy a pupil # 8217 ; s demands can be overlooked and unfilled in many bilingual instruction plans that last excessively long. Although many times pupils demands are non met in the bilingual instruction plans, there are times when the proper direction and length of plans provide an equal and frequently superior quality of instruction. The Spanish Dual Literacy plan at Liberty High School is once more a positive illustration of a successful plan. The plan, which is intended to fix limited English pupils for passage into the mainstream high school, combines successful learning methods with end-of-semester arrangement to guarantee success and promotion of its pupils ( Marsh 413 ) . The plan, which on norm normally lasts six months to one twelvemonth, fits a pupil # 8217 ; s demands because of its flexibleness in the length of direction ( Marsh 409 ) . In order to find the end-of-semester arrangement, the # 8220 ; Mini-School # 8221 ; instructors evaluate the academic and societal advancement of each pupil ( Marsh 413 ) . This type of rating prevents a pupil from staying in a peculiar degree when he or she hi s ready to travel on. Plans that have evaluation systems like those of Liberty High School will hold a better opportunity at guaranting pupil success. Sing all of these issues, some of the current bilingual instruction plans are proven to hold defects that can badly impede a pupil # 8217 ; s acquisition of the English linguistic communication. The brief portrayals of the model plans that contain qualified bilingual instruction instructors and the flexibleness to let limited English proficient pupils to go out the plan when equal English accomplishments are acquired are first-class illustrations of how choice plans can profit such pupils. Unfortunately, many of the current plans do non suit that profile. They are structured so that pupils spend an norm of five to seven old ages in plans that may or may non hold qualified instructors to implement the most successful methods of direction. If pedagogues and policy shapers take the challenge of educating the limited English proficient pupils in good religion and giving informed consideration to schemes that can lend to meaningful educational experiences, possibly they can travel beyond the emotionally and politically het argument that opposes English-only direction to native linguistic communication direction. With this alteration in focal point, they will be able to concentrate on what methods and constructions work best and how to better the current systems. ? H Chavez, Linda, and Jorge Amselle. # 8220 ; Bilingual Education Theory and Practice: Its Effectiveness and Parental Opinions. # 8221 ; NAASP Bulletin 81.586 ( 1997 ) : 101-106. ? H Goode, Stephen. # 8220 ; Immersion Teaching Means Learning in Any Language. # 8221 ; Insight On the News 12.14 ( 1996 ) : 17. ? H Lucas, Tamara, and Anne Katz. ? ? Reframing the Argument: The Roles of Native Languages in English-Only Programs for Language Minority Students # 8221 ; . TESOL Quarterly 28.3 ( 1994 ) : n. pag. ? H Marsh, Leona. # 8220 ; A Spanish Dual Literacy Program: Teaching the Whole Student. # 8221 ; The Bilingual Research Journal 19.3 ( 1995 ) : 409-428. ? H Medina, Suzanne L. # 8220 ; K-6 Bilingual Programs in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area. # 8221 ; The Bilingual Research Journal 19.3 ( 1995 ) : 629-640. ? H Netkin, Hal. # 8220 ; English Not Taught Here # 8221 ; . The Wall Street Journal 24 July 1997: 18. ? H ACLU. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aclu.org/library/pbp6.html. 1996. ? h National Education for Bilingual Education. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nabe.org/press/index.html

The Struggles of Odysseus free essay sample

Odysseus’s Struggles Odysseus faces many conflicts in The Odyssey. He faces both internal and external conflicts. He has many different decisions to make, such as to face Scylla or Charybdis with is crew. In my opinion, the three most important conflicts are when Odysseus’s men refuse to listen when he tells them not to eat the cattle, the fact that he was pulled away from his wife, Penelope, and their newborn son, and when Odysseus faces the Cyclopes. One thing that I learned while reading this story as that Odysseus’s men are stubborn. They refuse to listen to him. They ate Helios’s (the sun god) cattle. This had some negative reactions from the rest of the gods. The main part of the aftermath was when Zeus destroyed Odysseus’s ship, and killed his men. Afterwards, Odysseus struggled to get back home to Ithaca, into the loving arms of his wife and (now older) son. We will write a custom essay sample on The Struggles of Odysseus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another main conflict was when Odysseus was longing the comfort of his wife’s arms and wanting to actually spend time with his son. Odysseus loved his wife. He had two instances where goddesses wanted to keep him to their selves, but he still desired his dear Penelope. Penelope gave birth to Odysseus’s son the day Odysseus had to leave to fight in the Trojan War. Odysseus was gone for about 10 years, and he had only seen his son when he was first born. He would have liked to see how his son had grown up, but he hadn’t been able to, until he finally returned home, after 10 years. Odysseus was bold in trying to search the Cyclopes’ cave. He wanted to wait for the Cyclops to return to see what the Cyclops would offer him. When the Cyclops returned, however, it trapped Odysseus and his men in the cave, and snacked on a few. Odysseus believed that guests should be treated with the utmost respect, but the Cyclopes didn’t feel that way toward guests. The Cyclopes didn’t believe in any customs, or laws for that matter. I feel that Odysseus has had many struggles in his adventures, and that he deserved to finally find his way back to his family. Odysseus has had many conflicts in The Odyssey, but just a few of them were more important, to me, than the others. The three most important ones are when Odysseus’s men didn’t listen and decided to eat the sun god’s cattle, his great longing for his wife and son, and his encounter with the Cyclops. I believe that Odysseus learned a valuable lesson in this story, and that is, not to take anything for granted.